“Keeping Track”: ADHD Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

ADHD:

Most of us, have at some point in our lives have, experienced periods where our concentration seems to dwindle and we stare off into space. When this has experienced as long-term, ongoing and consistently disruptive to our daily lives, it might point to a mental health condition called Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Today, I will cover aspects from common symptoms and potential causes to various treatment options. I will also look at a lesser known topic: how ADHD can present differently in females.

ADHD Symptoms: Recognizing the Signs

ADHD, whether in children or adults, is characterized by several key symptoms. Identifying these signs as early as possible is a crucial first step in seeking help.

1. Inattention:

Individuals with ADHD often struggle with keeping their focus, finishing tasks until completion and being organized. They may make careless mistakes and frequently lose things they need such as stationery or other items needed to do the task.

2. Hyperactivity:

Hyperactivity is seen in the individual’s constant restlessness, impulsivity, and an inability to sit still. This may include tapping feet, fidgeting, or excessive talking. This is one of the chief reasons my clients decide to seek help initially so as to minimise the damage done in the workplace or in school.

3. Impulsivity:

People with ADHD often act without thinking, which can lead to impulsive decisions, interruptions in conversations, and difficulty waiting for their turn. It is these symptoms that are incorrectly mislabeled as disobedience in the classroom and disciplined accordingly. As such, children with ADHD can often find themselves in trouble at school or even in the workplace later in adulthood.

ADHD Causes: Unraveling the Mystery

 

The precise causes of ADHD are still not fully understood but there is a great deal of research and literature on these factors. ADHD is believed to be a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Some potential causes include the following.

1. Genetics:

A family history of ADHD can increase the risk of developing the condition, suggesting a strong genetic component.

2. Brain Structure and Function:

Studies have shown differences in the brain structure and activity of individuals with ADHD, particularly in areas responsible for attention and impulse control. There have also been studies identifying the neurotransmitter dopamine as an important factor in ADHD.

3. Environmental Factors:

Exposure to environmental toxins during pregnancy, premature birth, and early childhood trauma may also contribute to the development of ADHD. Other factors in the child’s environment that are associated with symptoms of ADHD according to research can include severe and chronic abuse, maltreatment and neglect.

ADHD Treatment Options: Finding the Right Approach

Effective management of ADHD often involves a combination of approaches including the following:

1. Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT) :

This therapy focuses on teaching individuals with ADHD strategies to manage their symptoms and develop better coping mechanisms. This can include techniques for structuring work tasks and managing impulsivity in a socially appropriate manner. Many of my clients have benefitted from this and other forms of appropriate psychotherapy.

2. Medication:

Stimulants, like methylphenidate and Concerta, are commonly prescribed to help manage symptoms. Non-stimulant medications are also suitable alternatives.

3. Changes in Lifestyle:

A well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and proper sleep can significantly impact symptom management of ADHD.

4. Educational Support:

Children with ADHD may benefit from special education services and individualized education plans (IEPs).

 

ADHD in Females: A Unique Presentation

ADHD in females often goes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, primarily because its presentation can differ remarkably from that in males. Some distinct features of ADHD in females include:

1. Inattentive Presentation:

Females with ADHD are more likely to exhibit predominantly inattentive symptoms, making their condition less obvious compared to symptoms in hyperactive-impulsive boys.

2. Social Coping Mechanisms:

Girls may develop more different coping strategies to mask and compensate for their symptoms, such as a focus on perfectionism, people-pleasing, and maintaining close friendships.

3. Emotional Dysregulation:

Women with ADHD may struggle with emotional instability, mood swings, and anxiety, which can be misattributed to other conditions and incorrectly treated. This has been noted with several of my clients.

Overall, this differing presentation of ADHD in women and girls is a predominant and significant reason why a misdiagnosis of ADHD as depression or anxiety is made and as well as incorrect interventions provided for such individuals.

Conclusion:

ADHD is a common, yet complex, neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals of all ages and genders. Understanding its symptoms, potential causes, and available and accurate treatment options are crucial for those seeking help. It's also important to recognize the diverse presentation of ADHD in females, which can lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. If you suspect you or a loved one has ADHD, seeking professional help is the first step towards effective management and a brighter future. As a psychologist who was treated for ADHD during my studies, I understand the importance of correct treatment of ADHD as early as possible to maximise the quality of life for the child or adult.